Saturday, June 13, 2026
To Copy or Not to Copy Part 1
Founder of Good Schools Alliance, author, educator, and adventurer empowering children to discover the magic of literature.
Thursday, May 14, 2026
Using AI to identify out-of-school girls
Read and Lead Thursday
To discuss the book’s chapter on using AI to identify out-of-school girls, from Every Last Girl by Safeena Husain.
Key Takeaways
Inefficient Saturation Model: The initial door-to-door survey was unsustainable, taking 6 years per district and wasting resources on villages with no out-of-school girls.
AI-Powered Precision: A machine learning model trained on 10 years of data from ~1M households now predicts high-need villages, increasing the average number of girls found per village from 18 to 42.
Concentration of Need: A key insight revealed that ~40% of out-of-school girls live in just 5% of villages, making targeted intervention feasible.
“Combination Therapy”: The model’s success was amplified by aligning with government policies (RTE, Beti Bachao), which addressed systemic barriers such as school access and son preference.
Topics
The Problem: Inefficient Saturation Strategy
The initial strategy was a door-to-door survey in 13 districts, aiming for 100% saturation.
Inefficiencies:
Slow: Estimated 6 years per district (e.g., 100k homes).
Wasted Resources: ~20% of villages had no out-of-school girls.
Overwhelmed Teams: Some villages had 100+ girls for one volunteer.
The Goal: Find a faster, more cost-effective way to reach high-need villages.
The Solution: AI-Powered Prediction Model
The Idea: ID Insight proposed using a machine learning model to predict where out-of-school girls live.
The Data Goldmine: 10 years of survey data from ~1M households provided the necessary training data.
Predictor Variables: The model was trained on 313 indicators from the Indian Census and UDISE, including:
Parent literacy, caste, income, and household size.
School proximity, infrastructure, and enrollment rates.
Human-Machine Synergy: The model guides volunteers to high-need villages, but human intelligence is still required for on-the-ground work and for navigating real-world challenges (e.g., mountainous terrain, difficult officials).
The Impact: Precision Targeting & “Combination Therapy”
Initial Test: The model found 50–100% more girls than the human-led survey in the same villages.
Improved Efficiency: The average number of girls found per village increased from 18 to 42.
Strategic Focus: The model enables targeting the 5% of villages that contain ~40% of all out-of-school girls, making the problem manageable.
“Combination Therapy”: The model’s success was accelerated by aligning with government policies that addressed systemic issues:
RTE (Right to Education): Mandated schools within 1km, removing distance as a barrier.
Rajasthan Govt. Scheme: Offered financial incentives for girls’ enrollment.
Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao: Tackled son preference and elevated the value of girls’ education.
Discussion: Human Cost & Ethical AI
Human Cost: The group discussed the emotional impact of reading about girls named “Falthu” (useless), reflecting deep-seated societal devaluation.
Ethical AI: The model was praised as a positive example of AI use, in which technology amplifies human impact rather than replacing it.
Next Steps
Brinda: Resolve the Zoom background issue with the IT team.
All: Meet next Thursday to continue reading the book.
Saturday, November 15, 2025
Moral Development And Reasoning
Brewing Knowledge Fridays
November 14, 2025
To discuss moral development, socialisation, and effective teaching strategies.
Key Takeaways
- Kohlberg's theory is culturally limited. It fails to capture non-Western moral principles (e.g., ahimsa) and may measure verbal justification rather than actual moral development, explaining why few individuals reach its "post-conventional" stage.
- Empathy is innate, but guilt is a learned conflict. Research shows young children are born with empathy, but causing harm creates a conflict between helping and self-distress (the root of guilt), which is shaped by adult discipline.
- "Other-oriented reasoning" is the most effective teaching tool. It fosters empathy, works even when adults are absent, and promotes reconciliation. In contrast, "power assertion" (through threats and punishment) is counterproductive, fostering anger and dependency.
- Moral development is shaped by social context. Children in "toxic social environments" may learn that power, not fairness, dominates. However, strong community ties can provide a buffer, fostering moral strength even in poverty.
Topics
- Kohlberg's Theory & Cultural Limitations
- Kohlberg's theory, based on the "Heinz dilemma," proposes a universal sequence of moral reasoning stages:
- Pre-conventional: Self-interest, fear of punishment.
- Conventional: Upholding laws, social order.
- Post-conventional: Abstract ethical principles.
Critiques:
Cultural Bias: Fails to capture non-Western principles.
Jyotsna Vasudev & Raymond Hummel found that Indians use principles like ahimsa (sacredness of life) and prioritise social issues over individual lives.
Methodological Flaw: May measure verbal justification, not actual moral development.
This explains why few people worldwide reach the "post-conventional" stage.
Innate Elements of Morality
Evolutionary arguments suggest humans have both aggressive (e.g., grabbing toys) and cooperative instincts.
Empathy: Present from birth; babies match emotional expressions and cry in response to others' distress.
Marion Radke-Yarrow's Study (1-year-olds):
Children increasingly responded to distress with pro-social acts (hugging, helping) and empathic concern.
When children caused the distress, they still helped but also showed more enjoyment, aggression, and self-distress (crying).
Conclusion: Early helping stems from empathy, not remorse. The conflict between empathy and causing harm is the root of guilt.
Socialization & Internalization
Internalisation: The process by which external rules become internal values.
Effective Discipline (Grusec & Goodnow):
Requires accurate perception and acceptance of the adult's viewpoint.
Must be flexible (contingent on situation/temperament) but not inconsistent.
"Other-oriented reasoning" is most effective. It builds empathy and encourages repair.
Ineffective Discipline ("Power Assertion"):
Threats, force, or withdrawing affection.
Negative Outcomes: Insecurity, anger, aggression, and dependency on the adult's presence for moral behaviour.
Social Context & Moral Development
William Arsenio's Research ("Toxic Social Environments"):
Children in disadvantaged Western contexts may learn that power, not fairness, dominates, leading to aggression.
Robert Coles's Research (Poverty):
Found moral strength (e.g., not wronging others, caring for the helpless) in children from Brazilian favelas.
Hypothesis: Strong family and community ties can provide a buffer against the negative effects of social injustice.
Next Steps
All Participants:
- Reflect on personal experiences with "other-oriented reasoning" in adult relationships.
- Consider the factors that prevent students from reporting a teacher's scoring error.
Neelashi M:
Continue reading the book, "What did you ask at school today?" in the next session.
AI-generated notes
Founder of Good Schools Alliance, author, educator, and adventurer empowering children to discover the magic of literature.
Monday, November 23, 2020
Honesty - A cherished virtue - Dr Mona Khanna
I went back to that area even though I wasn’t very hopeful. Despite the late hour, Woodland was open. I entered the store and asked them if they had found any packet. I could see the relief and smile on their faces. They told me that they had kept the store open anticipating the customer to return looking for the envelope. After asking a few questions regarding the envelope’s details, the manager handed over the envelope. I profusely thanked them and took out some money as a token of appreciation, but the entire staff refused to take any, saying they were only doing what their call of duty expected them to. I understood that their conscience would never let them do anything wrong.
I wrote a note of
appreciation and later sent an email to their country head talking about the
entire episode of leaving the strain of honesty intact. Honesty and respect are
interlinked concepts. The above incident earned so much goodwill and respect
for the staff of that store. To date, I never miss a chance to go back and show
my gratitude to them.
We, as teachers, should
strive to articulate expectations about academic integrity and the consequences
of cheating. Explicit norms and expectations stating that dishonesty is not an
acceptable trait should be laid down. Let us create a culture that rewards
success beyond grades. If students are also rewarded for their honesty, hard
work, determination, and respect for teachers and peers, they shall begin to
value the process of learning. This kind of culture fosters academic honesty
and discourages plagiarism.
As a little child, I was
made to do this activity from The Abraham Lincoln Center for Character
Development to instill honesty, which has left a lasting impression on my mind.
Activity – The Lie Trap
• Target grade level:
till Grade 5
• Character quality:
Honesty
1. Head outdoors with the kids and hunt for a spider’s web, watch how a bug becomes entangled in the web, catch a fly, put it in the web to see what happens, or find a video online of that occurrence instead. The more the insect struggles, the more entangled it becomes. If you are fortunate, you might even see the spider come and wind the bug up in a more sticky thread.
2. Ask students what
happened every time the insect struggled and what happened because of that
struggle. Explain that the same thing happens when we do not tell the truth and
become entangled in lies. Ask students if
they think the insect regrets getting trapped in the web (and a lie) and what
should have been done instead (tell the truth).
We all make a conscious
effort to instil ethical standards and practices in our children. However,
they take time to imbibe the same and do tend to falter occasionally (don’t we
as adults?!?!). We should forgive their mistakes, resulting in
self-realization, and help them take corrective measures. Once they have
realized their mistake and borne the consequences, I am of the firm opinion
that we should not judge them on their past moral failings. Our intention
should be to correct the wrong and not the doer. The intention should be to use
dishonest behaviour as a teachable moment. Teach them to be candid with a fault.
The students should be taught to introspect, reflect, and learn from their
behaviour. We, as teachers, should be instrumental in helping them transform as
better human beings. They will turn into young men and women who shall hold
their teachers in high regard for placing their trust in them. I vividly
remember several students who have become exceptionally ethical, principled
gentlemen of high integrity.
I always give the example
of Abraham Lincoln as the epitome of honesty. To many kids, and even some
adults, Abraham Lincoln remains “Honest Abe.” Lincoln was far from a perfect
individual. He possessed human flaws and made many mistakes in his life, as we
all do. However, he learned from his
mistakes and learned to compensate for his shortcomings. He honed and practised
and developed them daily, and so should we. Powerful innumerable lessons from
his life on honesty must be continuously encouraged and integrated into every
fabric of society, and into both young and old. And let me pass along Lincoln’s
own words on the topic- “Resolve, to be honest at all events; and if, in your
own judgment, you cannot be an honest lawyer, resolve to be honest without
being a lawyer. Choose some other occupation.”
I want to conclude with a
piece of advice I gave to my tutorial group. The boys at the Doon School once
asked me about the fine line between honesty and deception and how to ensure
that they were treading the right path. I quoted from the famous collection
‘Letters from a Father to his Daughter’- “Let us make friends with the sun and
work in the light and do nothing secretly. And if you do so, my dear, you will
grow up a child of the light, unafraid and serene and unruffled, whatever may
happen.”
- Dr Mona Khanna, Vice Principal at Unison World School, she has joined the PLP Cohort for the Joy Of Learning Program at the John Martyn Memorial School in Salan Gaon near Dehradun, India Dr Khanna's professional profile - linkedin.com/in/mona-khanna-244198175
Image Courtesy https://images.app.goo.gl/ivrq3WTLbjDUZksk6
Sunday, May 10, 2020
Honest and Respect - Prakash Dangi
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